课程笔记 | PostgreSQL深入浅出 | 数据库的日常维护
1、概述
本篇是继上一篇笔记《课程笔记 | PostgreSQL深入浅出 | 数据库的启动与停止》的续集，本篇主要介绍PostgreSQL数据库的日常基本操作。后续也会持续更新内容。2、查看数据库版本
[postgres@localhost ~]$ pg_ctl -V
pg_ctl (PostgreSQL) 12.12
3、登录数据库
[postgres@localhost ~]$ psql -d postgres
psql (12.12)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=#
4、列出所有数据库
postgres=# \l
5、显示所有用户
postgres=# \du
6、查看扩展
postgres=# \dx
7、列出表和视图的信息
postgres=# \dS
postgres=# \dS
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner
------------+---------------------------------+-------+----------
pg_catalog | pg_aggregate | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_am | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_amop | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_amproc | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_attrdef | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_attribute | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_auth_members | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_authid | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_available_extension_versions | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_available_extensions | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_cast | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_class | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_collation | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_config | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_constraint | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_conversion | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_cursors | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_database | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_db_role_setting | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_default_acl | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_depend | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_description | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_enum | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_event_trigger | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_extension | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_file_settings | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_foreign_data_wrapper | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_foreign_server | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_foreign_table | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_group | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_hba_file_rules | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_index | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_inherits | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_init_privs | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_language | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_largeobject | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_largeobject_metadata | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_locks | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_matviews | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_namespace | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_opclass | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_operator | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_opfamily | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_partitioned_table | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_pltemplate | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_policies | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_policy | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_prepared_statements | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_prepared_xacts | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_proc | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_publication | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_publication_rel | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_publication_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_range | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_replication_origin | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_replication_origin_status | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_replication_slots | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_rewrite | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_roles | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_rules | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_seclabel | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_seclabels | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_sequence | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_sequences | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_settings | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_shadow | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_shdepend | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_shdescription | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_shseclabel | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_activity | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_all_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_all_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_archiver | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_bgwriter | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_database | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_database_conflicts | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_gssapi | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_progress_cluster | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_progress_create_index | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_progress_vacuum | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_replication | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_ssl | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_subscription | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_sys_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_sys_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_user_functions | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_user_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_user_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_wal_receiver | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_all_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_sys_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_user_functions | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_user_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_all_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_all_sequences | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_all_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_sys_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_sys_sequences | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_sys_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_user_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_user_sequences | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_user_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statistic | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statistic_ext | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statistic_ext_data | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stats | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stats_ext | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_subscription | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_subscription_rel | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_tablespace | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_timezone_abbrevs | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_timezone_names | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_transform | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_trigger | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_ts_config | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_ts_config_map | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_ts_dict | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_ts_parser | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_ts_template | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_type | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_user | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_user_mapping | table | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_user_mappings | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_views | view | postgres
(126 rows)
postgres=#
补充：postgres=# \dS+ 显示了更多信息，包括表的大小信息。
8、查看数据库端口号
postgres=# show port;9、查看表空间
postgres=# \db+
10、列出所有模式
postgres=# \dn11、查看数据库的表
postgres=# \dt12、查看表字段
postgres=# \d {{tablename}}13、创建一个数据库
CREATE DATABASE DBTEST1;14、切换数据库
postgres=# \c dbtest115、显示所有帮助信息
dbtest1=# \hdbtest1=# \h
Available help:
ABORT CHECKPOINT CREATE USER DROP TRIGGER
ALTER AGGREGATE CLOSE CREATE USER MAPPING DROP TYPE
ALTER COLLATION CLUSTER CREATE VIEW DROP USER
ALTER CONVERSION COMMENT DEALLOCATE DROP USER MAPPING
ALTER DATABASE COMMIT DECLARE DROP VIEW
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES COMMIT PREPARED DELETE END
ALTER DOMAIN COPY DISCARD EXECUTE
ALTER EVENT TRIGGER CREATE ACCESS METHOD DO EXPLAIN
ALTER EXTENSION CREATE AGGREGATE DROP ACCESS METHOD FETCH
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER CREATE CAST DROP AGGREGATE GRANT
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE CREATE COLLATION DROP CAST IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
ALTER FUNCTION CREATE CONVERSION DROP COLLATION INSERT
ALTER GROUP CREATE DATABASE DROP CONVERSION LISTEN
ALTER INDEX CREATE DOMAIN DROP DATABASE LOAD
ALTER LANGUAGE CREATE EVENT TRIGGER DROP DOMAIN LOCK
ALTER LARGE OBJECT CREATE EXTENSION DROP EVENT TRIGGER MOVE
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER DROP EXTENSION NOTIFY
ALTER OPERATOR CREATE FOREIGN TABLE DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER PREPARE
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS CREATE FUNCTION DROP FOREIGN TABLE PREPARE TRANSACTION
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY CREATE GROUP DROP FUNCTION REASSIGN OWNED
ALTER POLICY CREATE INDEX DROP GROUP REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER PROCEDURE CREATE LANGUAGE DROP INDEX REINDEX
ALTER PUBLICATION CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW DROP LANGUAGE RELEASE SAVEPOINT
ALTER ROLE CREATE OPERATOR DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW RESET
ALTER ROUTINE CREATE OPERATOR CLASS DROP OPERATOR REVOKE
ALTER RULE CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY DROP OPERATOR CLASS ROLLBACK
ALTER SCHEMA CREATE POLICY DROP OPERATOR FAMILY ROLLBACK PREPARED
ALTER SEQUENCE CREATE PROCEDURE DROP OWNED ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
ALTER SERVER CREATE PUBLICATION DROP POLICY SAVEPOINT
ALTER STATISTICS CREATE ROLE DROP PROCEDURE SECURITY LABEL
ALTER SUBSCRIPTION CREATE RULE DROP PUBLICATION SELECT
ALTER SYSTEM CREATE SCHEMA DROP ROLE SELECT INTO
ALTER TABLE CREATE SEQUENCE DROP ROUTINE SET
ALTER TABLESPACE CREATE SERVER DROP RULE SET CONSTRAINTS
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION CREATE STATISTICS DROP SCHEMA SET ROLE
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY CREATE SUBSCRIPTION DROP SEQUENCE SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER CREATE TABLE DROP SERVER SET TRANSACTION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE CREATE TABLE AS DROP STATISTICS SHOW
ALTER TRIGGER CREATE TABLESPACE DROP SUBSCRIPTION START TRANSACTION
ALTER TYPE CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION DROP TABLE TABLE
ALTER USER CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY DROP TABLESPACE TRUNCATE
ALTER USER MAPPING CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION UNLISTEN
ALTER VIEW CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY UPDATE
ANALYZE CREATE TRANSFORM DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER VACUUM
BEGIN CREATE TRIGGER DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE VALUES
CALL CREATE TYPE DROP TRANSFORM WITH
dbtest1=#
16、显示创建表的帮助信息
dbtest1=# \h create tabledbtest1=# \h create table
Command: CREATE TABLE
Description: define a new table
Syntax:
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } | UNLOGGED ] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] table_name ( [
{ column_name data_type [ COLLATE collation ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint
| LIKE source_table [ like_option ... ] }
[, ... ]
] )
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ PARTITION BY { RANGE | LIST | HASH } ( { column_name | ( expression ) } [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [, ... ] ) ]
[ USING method ]
[ WITH ( storage_parameter [= value] [, ... ] ) | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } | UNLOGGED ] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] table_name
OF type_name [ (
{ column_name [ WITH OPTIONS ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint }
[, ... ]
) ]
[ PARTITION BY { RANGE | LIST | HASH } ( { column_name | ( expression ) } [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [, ... ] ) ]
[ USING method ]
[ WITH ( storage_parameter [= value] [, ... ] ) | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } | UNLOGGED ] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] table_name
PARTITION OF parent_table [ (
{ column_name [ WITH OPTIONS ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint }
[, ... ]
) ] { FOR VALUES partition_bound_spec | DEFAULT }
[ PARTITION BY { RANGE | LIST | HASH } ( { column_name | ( expression ) } [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [, ... ] ) ]
dbtest1=#
17、显示ALTER TABLE的帮助信息
dbtest1=# \h ALTER TABLE
dbtest1=# \h ALTER TABLE
Command: ALTER TABLE
Description: change the definition of a table
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column_name TO new_column_name
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME CONSTRAINT constraint_name TO new_constraint_name
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] name
RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] name
SET SCHEMA new_schema
ALTER TABLE ALL IN TABLESPACE name [ OWNED BY role_name [, ... ] ]
SET TABLESPACE new_tablespace [ NOWAIT ]
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] name
ATTACH PARTITION partition_name { FOR VALUES partition_bound_spec | DEFAULT }
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] name
DETACH PARTITION partition_name
where action is one of:
ADD [ COLUMN ] [ IF NOT EXISTS ] column_name data_type [ COLLATE collation ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] [ IF EXISTS ] column_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name [ SET DATA ] TYPE data_type [ COLLATE collation ] [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name ADD GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY [ ( sequence_options ) ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name { SET GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } | SET sequence_option | RESTART [ [ WITH ] restart ] } [...]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name DROP IDENTITY [ IF EXISTS ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET ( attribute_option = value [, ... ] )
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name RESET ( attribute_option [, ... ] )
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint [ NOT VALID ]
ADD table_constraint_using_index
ALTER CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
VALIDATE CONSTRAINT constraint_name
DROP CONSTRAINT [ IF EXISTS ] constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
DISABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]
ENABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]
ENABLE REPLICA TRIGGER trigger_name
ENABLE ALWAYS TRIGGER trigger_name
DISABLE RULE rewrite_rule_name
ENABLE RULE rewrite_rule_name
ENABLE REPLICA RULE rewrite_rule_name
ENABLE ALWAYS RULE rewrite_rule_name
DISABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
NO FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
SET TABLESPACE new_tablespace
SET { LOGGED | UNLOGGED }
SET ( storage_parameter [= value] [, ... ] )
RESET ( storage_parameter [, ... ] )
INHERIT parent_table
NO INHERIT parent_table
OF type_name
NOT OF
OWNER TO { new_owner | CURRENT_USER | SESSION_USER }
REPLICA IDENTITY { DEFAULT | USING INDEX index_name | FULL | NOTHING }
and partition_bound_spec is:
IN ( partition_bound_expr [, ...] ) |
FROM ( { partition_bound_expr | MINVALUE | MAXVALUE } [, ...] )
TO ( { partition_bound_expr | MINVALUE | MAXVALUE } [, ...] ) |
WITH ( MODULUS numeric_literal, REMAINDER numeric_literal )
and column_constraint is:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL |
NULL |
CHECK ( expression ) [ NO INHERIT ] |
DEFAULT default_expr |
GENERATED ALWAYS AS ( generation_expr ) STORED |
GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY [ ( sequence_options ) ] |
UNIQUE index_parameters |
PRIMARY KEY index_parameters |
REFERENCES reftable [ ( refcolumn ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE referential_action ] [ ON UPDATE referential_action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
and table_constraint is:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ CHECK ( expression ) [ NO INHERIT ] |
UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters |
EXCLUDE [ USING index_method ] ( exclude_element WITH operator [, ... ] ) index_parameters [ WHERE ( predicate ) ] |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) REFERENCES reftable [ ( refcolumn [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE referential_action ] [ ON UPDATE referential_action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
and table_constraint_using_index is:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY } USING INDEX index_name
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
index_parameters in UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, and EXCLUDE constraints are:
[ INCLUDE ( column_name [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH ( storage_parameter [= value] [, ... ] ) ]
[ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
exclude_element in an EXCLUDE constraint is:
{ column_name | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [ ASC | DESC ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
URL: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/sql-altertable.html
dbtest1=#
18、查询数据库的链接信息
postgres=# select * from pg_stat_activity;19、查询数据库中已经存在的用户和角色
postgres=# select * from pg_stat_activity;
postgres=# SELECT rolname FROM pg_roles;
20、退出数据库
postgres=# \q
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